Cryptographic techniques are used to ensure secrecy and integrity of data in the presence of an adversary. Based on the security needs and the threats involved, various cryptographic methods such as symmetric key cryptography or public key cryptography can be used during transportation and storage of the data. In addition, a homomorphic encryption allows various computations to take place on encrypted data without requiring the data to be decrypted for processing. From the privacy perspective, these techniques are useful to protect personal information from being leaked during transportation and from storage servers.

Cryptographic techniques are an important part of a multilayered security plan. Some security measures, such as implementation of a firewall and use of access permissions, attempt to keep intruders out of the network or computer altogether, much like fences and door locks attempt to keep burglars off the grounds or out of the house. Cryptography provides an inner line of defense. Like a wall safe that is there in case the burglars do make it inside your house—and to protect valuables from people who are authorized to come into your house—cryptography protects data from intruders who are able to penetrate the outer network defenses and from those who are authorized to access the network but not this particular data.

Cryptographic techniques concern themselves with three basic purposes:

Cryptography is a word derived from the Greek kryptos (“hidden”), and the use of cryptography predates the computer age by hundreds of years. Keeping secrets has long been a concern of human beings, and the purpose of cryptography is to hide information or change it so that it is incomprehensible to people for whom it is not intended. Cryptographic techniques are an important part of a multilayered security plan. Some security measures, such as implementation of a firewall and use of access permissions, attempt to keep intruders out of the network or computer altogether, much like fences and door locks attempt to keep burglars off the grounds or out of the house. Cryptography provides an inner line of defense. Like a wall safe that is there in case the burglars do make it inside your house—and to protect valuables from people who are authorized to come into your house cryptography protects data from intruders who are able to penetrate the outer network defenses and from those who are authorized to access the network but not this particular data.

Cryptographic techniques concern themselves with three basic purposes:

• Authentication Verifying the identity of a user or computer.
• Confidentiality Keeping the contents of the data secret.
• Integrity Ensuring that data doesn’t change between the time it leaves the source and the time it reaches its destination.

Cryptographic techniques include encryption, which involves applying a procedure called an algorithm to plain text to turn it into something that will appear to be gibberish to anyone who doesn’t have the key to decrypt it. Encryption is a form of cryptography that “scrambles” plain text into unintelligible cipher text. Encryption is the foundation of such security measures as digital signatures, digital certificates, and the public key infrastructure that uses these technologies to make computer transactions more secure. Computer-based encryption techniques use keys to encrypt and decrypt data.

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