NEURAL REGENERATION

Neuroregeneration refers to the regrowth or repair of nervous tissues, cells or cell products. Such mechanisms may include generation of new neurons, glia, axons, myelin, or synapses. Neuroregeneration differs between the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and the Central Nervous System (CNS) by the functional mechanisms involved, especially in the extent and speed of repair. When an axon is damaged, the distal segment undergoes Wallerian degeneration, losing its myelin sheath. The proximal segment can either die by apoptosis or undergo the chromatolytic reaction, which is an attempt at repair. In the CNS, synaptic stripping occurs as glial foot processes invade the dead synapse.

Nervous system injuries affect over 90,000 people every year. It is estimated that spinal cord injuries alone affect 10,000 each year. As a result of this high incidence of neurological injuries, nerve regeneration and repair, a subfield of neural tissue engineering, is becoming a rapidly growing field dedicated to the discovery of new ways to recover nerve functionality after injury. The nervous system is divided into two parts: the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which consists of cranial and spinal nerves along with their associated ganglia. While the peripheral nervous system has an intrinsic ability for repair and regeneration, the central nervous system is, for the most part, incapable of self-repair and regeneration. There is currently no treatment for recovering human nerve function after injury to the central nervous system. In addition, multiple attempts at nerve re-growth across the PNS-CNS transition have not been successful. There is simply not enough knowledge about regeneration in the central nervous system. In addition, although the peripheral nervous system has the capability for regeneration, much research still needs to be done to optimize the environment for maximum regrowth potential. Neuroregeneration is important clinically, as it is part of the pathogenesis of many diseases, including multiple sclerosis.

Mayo Clinic clinicians, scientists, engineers and other specialists in the Center for Regenerative Medicine are taking a multidisciplinary integrative approach to neuroregeneration for a number of devastating neurological conditions. The research is multifaceted, ranging from basic science discovery to clinical applications.

• Alzheimer's disease

While scientists understand much about the damage that happens to nerves and their insulating sheath during multiple sclerosis (MS) and how the immune system causes this damage, the exact reasons for the immune system attack are very poorly understood

• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

 Researchers are studying the genetic contribution to susceptibility to Parkinson's disease through the establishment of a bank of skin and iPS cell lines from people with Parkinson's disease.

• Multiple sclerosis.

 Researchers are studying the genetic contribution to susceptibility to Parkinson's disease through the establishment of a bank of skin and iPS cell lines from people with Parkinson's disease.

• Parkinson's disease

Researchers are studying the genetic contribution to susceptibility to Parkinson's disease through the establishment of a bank of skin and iPS cell lines from people with Parkinson's disease. 

• Multiple system atrophy. 

 Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder. The hallmark of the disease is glial cytoplasmic inclusions. The main component of glial cytoplasmic inclusions is alpha-syncline.

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Regards               
Meria Den           
Managing Editor              
Stroke Research & Therapy